In
today's excerpt - Martin Seligman, the University of Pennsylvania
professor whose research has led to the development of the field of
positive psychology, comments on the purpose of our large brains and
speaks to the importance of relationships with others as one of the keys
to our well-being:
"Other people are
the best antidote to the downs of life and the single most reliable
up. ... My friend Stephen Post, professor of Medical Humanities at
Stony Brook, tells a story about his mother. When he was a young boy,
and his mother saw that he was in a bad mood, she would say, 'Stephen,
you are looking piqued. Why don't you go out and help someone?'
Empirically, Ma Post's maxim has been put to rigorous test, and we
scientists have found that doing a kindness produces the single most
reliable momentary increase in well-being of any exercise we have
tested. ...
"Is
there someone in your life whom you would feel comfortable phoning at
four in the morning to tell your troubles to? If your answer is yes, you
will likely live longer than someone whose answer is no. For George
Vaillant, the Harvard psychiatrist who discovered this fact, the master
strength is the capacity to be loved. Conversely, as the social
neuroscientist John Cacioppo has argued, loneliness is such a disabling
condition that it compels the belief that the pursuit of relationships
is a rock-bottom fundamental to human well-being. ...
"Two
recent streams of argument about human evolution both point to the
importance of positive relationships in their own right and for their
own sake. What is the big human brain for? About five hundred thousand
years ago, the cranial capacity of our hominid ancestors' skulls
doubled in size from 600 cubic centimeters to its present 1,200 cubic
centimeters. The fashionable explanation for all this extra brain is to
enable us to make tools and weapons; you have to be really smart to
deal instrumentally with the physical world. The British theoretical
psychologist Nick Humphrey has presented an alternative: the big brain
is a social problem solver, not a physical problem solver. As I converse
with my students, how do I solve the problem of saying something that
Marge will think is funny, that won't offend Tom, and that will
persuade Derek that he is wrong without rubbing his nose in it? These
are extremely complicated problems -- problems that computers, which can
design weapons and tools in a trice, cannot solve. But humans can and
do solve social problems, every hour of the day. The massive prefrontal
cortex that we have is continually using its billions of connections
to simulate social possibilities and then to choose the optimal course
of action. So the big brain is a relationship simulation machine, and it
has been selected by evolution for exactly the function of designing
and carrying out harmonious but effective human relationships.
"The other evolutionary argument that meshes with the big brain as social simulator is group selection.
The eminent British biologist and polemicist Richard Dawkins has
popularized a selfish-gene theory which argues that the individual is
the sole unit of natural selection. Two of the world's most prominent
biologists, unrelated but both named
Wilson (Edmund O. and David Sloan), have recently amassed evidence that
the group is a primary unit of natural selection. Their argument starts
with the social insects: wasps, bees, termites, and ants, all of which
have factories, fortresses, and systems of communication and dominate
the insect world just as humans dominate the vertebrate world. Being
social is the most successful form of higher adaptation known. I would
guess that it is even more adaptive than having eyes, and the most
plausible mathematization of social insect selection is that selection
is done by groups and not by individuals.
"The
intuition for group selection is simple. Consider two primate groups,
each made up of genetically diverse individuals. Imagine that the
'social' group has the emotional brain structures that subserve love,
compassion, kindness, teamwork, and self-sacrifice -- the 'hive
emotions' -- and cognitive brain structures, such as mirror neurons,
which reflect other minds. The 'nonsocial' group, equally intelligent
about the physical world and equally strong, does not have these hive
emotions. These two groups are now put into a deadly competition that
can have only one winner, such as war or starvation. The social group
will win, being able to cooperate, hunt in groups, and create
agriculture."
Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being
by Martin E. P. Seligman by Free Press
------------- excerpt for the delanceyplace newsletter -----------------