The Noble Eightfold Path describes the way to the end of suffering,
as it was laid out by Siddhartha Gautama. It is a practical guideline to
ethical and mental development with the goal of freeing the individual
from attachments and delusions; and it finally leads to understanding
the truth about all things.
Together with the Four Noble
Truths it constitutes the gist of Buddhism. Great emphasis is put on the
practical aspect, because it is only through practice that one can
attain a higher level of existence and finally reach Nirvana. The eight
aspects of the path are not to be understood as a sequence of single
steps, instead they are highly interdependent principles that have to
be seen in relationship with each other.
1. Right View
Right
view is the beginning and the end of the path, it simply means to see
and to understand things as they really are and to realise the Four
Noble Truth. As such, right view is the cognitive aspect of wisdom. It
means to see things through, to grasp the impermanent and imperfect
nature of worldly objects and ideas, and to understand the law of karma
and karmic conditioning.
Right view is not necessarily an
intellectual capacity, just as wisdom is not just a matter of
intelligence. Instead, right view is attained, sustained, and enhanced
through all capacities of mind. It begins with the intuitive insight
that all beings are subject to suffering and it ends with complete
understanding of the true nature of all things. Since our view of
the world forms our thoughts and our actions, right view yields right
thoughts and right actions.
2. Right Intention
While
right view refers to the cognitive aspect of wisdom, right intention
refers to the volitional aspect, i.e. the kind of mental energy that
controls our actions. Right intention can be described best as commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement. Buddha distinguishes three types of right intentions:
1.
the intention of renunciation, which means resistance to the pull
of desire, 2. the intention of good will, meaning resistance to feelings
of anger and aversion, and 3. the intention of harmlessness,
meaning not to think or act cruelly, violently, or aggressively, and to
develop compassion.
3. Right Speech
Right speech is the first principle of ethical conduct in the eightfold path. Ethical conduct is viewed as a guideline to moral discipline,
which supports the other principles of the path. This aspect is not
self-sufficient, however, essential, because mental purification can
only be achieved through the cultivation of ethical conduct.
The
importance of speech in the context of Buddhist ethics is obvious:
words can break or save lives, make enemies or friends, start war or
create peace. Buddha explained right speech as follows: 1. to abstain
from false speech, especially not to tell deliberate lies and not to
speak deceitfully, 2. to abstain from slanderous speech and not to use
words maliciously against others, 3. to abstain from harsh words
that offend or hurt others, and 4. to abstain from idle chatter that
lacks purpose or depth. Positively phrased, this means to tell the
truth, to speak friendly, warm, and gently and to talk only when
necessary.
4. Right Action
The
second ethical principle, right action, involves the body as natural
means of expression, as it refers to deeds that involve bodily actions.
Unwholesome actions lead to unsound states of mind, while wholesome
actions lead to sound states of mind.
Again, the principle is
explained in terms of abstinence: right action means 1. to abstain from
harming sentient beings, especially to abstain from taking life
(including suicide) and doing harm intentionally or delinquently, 2. to
abstain from taking what is not given, which includes stealing, robbery,
fraud, deceitfulness, and dishonesty, and 3. to abstain from sexual
misconduct. Positively formulated, right action means to act kindly and
compassionately, to be honest, to respect the belongings of others, and
to keep sexual relationships harmless to others. Further details
regarding the concrete meaning of right action can be found in the
Precepts.
5. Right Livelihood
Right
livelihood means that one should earn one's living in a righteous way
and that wealth should be gained legally and peacefully. The Buddha
mentions four specific activities that harm other beings and that one
should avoid for this reason: 1. dealing in weapons, 2. dealing in
living beings (including raising animals for slaughter as well as slave
trade and prostitution), 3. working in meat production and butchery,
and 4. selling intoxicants and poisons, such as alcohol and drugs.
Furthermore any other occupation that would violate the principles of
right speech and right action should be avoided.
6. Right Effort
Right
effort can be seen as a prerequisite for the other principles of the
path. Without effort, which is in itself an act of will, nothing can
be achieved, whereas misguided effort distracts the mind from its task,
and confusion will be the consequence. Mental energy is the force
behind right effort; it can occur in either wholesome or unwholesome
states. The same type of energy that fuels desire, envy, aggression,
and violence can on the other side fuel self-discipline, honesty,
benevolence, and kindness. Right effort is detailed in four types of
endeavours that rank in ascending order of perfection: 1. to prevent
the arising of unarisen unwholesome states, 2. to abandon unwholesome
states that have already arisen, 3. to arouse wholesome states that
have not yet arisen, and 4. to maintain and perfect wholesome states
already arisen.
7. Right Mindfulness
Right
mindfulness is the controlled and perfected faculty of cognition. It is
the mental ability to see things as they are, with clear
consciousness. Usually, the cognitive process begins with an impression
induced by perception, or by a thought, but then it does not stay
with the mere impression. Instead, we almost always conceptualise sense
impressions and thoughts immediately. We interpret them and set them
in relation to other thoughts and experiences, which naturally go
beyond the facticity of the original impression.
The mind then
posits concepts, joins concepts into constructs, and weaves those
constructs into complex interpretative schemes. All this happens only
half consciously, and as a result we often see things obscured.
Right mindfulness is anchored in clear perception and it penetrates
impressions without getting carried away. Right mindfulness enables
us to be aware of the process of conceptualisation in a way that we
actively observe and control the way our thoughts go. Buddha
accounted for this as the four foundations of mindfulness: 1.
contemplation of the body, 2. contemplation of feeling (repulsive,
attractive, or neutral), 3. contemplation of the state of mind, and
4. contemplation of the phenomena.
8. Right Concentration
The
eighth principle of the path, right concentration, refers to the
development of a mental force that occurs in natural consciousness,
although at a relatively low level of intensity, namely concentration.
Concentration in this context is described as one-pointedness of mind,
meaning a state where all mental faculties are unified and directed onto
one particular object.
Right concentration for the purpose of the eightfold path means wholesome concentration,
i.e. concentration on wholesome thoughts and actions. The Buddhist
method of choice to develop right concentration is through the practice
of meditation. The meditating mind focuses on a selected object. It
first directs itself onto it, then sustains concentration, and finally
intensifies concentration step by step. Through this practice it becomes
natural to apply elevated levels concentration also in everyday
situations.
~ Gilles Chamboraire on FB